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Johann von Klenau (13 April 1758 – 6 October 1819), also called Johann Josef Cajetan von Klenau und Janowitz, the son of a Bohemian noble, was a field marshal in the Habsburg army. Klenau joined the Habsburg military as a teenager and fought in Austria's wars with the Ottoman Empire, the French Revolutionary Wars, and the Napoleonic Wars, in which he commanded a corps in several important battles. In the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars, Klenau distinguished himself at the Wissembourg lines, and led a battle-winning charge at Handschuhsheim in 1795. As commander of the Coalition's left flank in the Adige campaign in northern Italy in 1799, he was instrumental in isolating the French-held fortresses on the Po River by organizing and supporting a peasant uprising in the countryside. Afterward, Klenau became the youngest lieutenant field marshal〔The youngest lieutenant field marshal not of the House of Habsburg. At age 20, Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen, was the youngest.〕 in the history of the Habsburg military. As a corps commander, Klenau led key elements of the Austrian army in its victory at Aspern-Esslingen and its defeat at Wagram, where his troops covered the retreat of the main Austrian force. He commanded the IV Corps at the 1813 Battle of Dresden and again at the Battle of Nations at Leipzig, where he prevented the French from outflanking the main Austrian force on the first day of the engagement. After the Battle of Nations, Klenau organized and implemented the successful Dresden blockade and negotiated the French capitulation there. In the 1814–15 campaign, he commanded the ''Corps Klenau'' of the Army of Italy. After the war in 1815, Klenau was appointed commanding general in Moravia and Silesia. He died in 1819. ==Family and early career== Johann von Klenau was born into an old Bohemian nobility family at Benatek Castle〔((:ˈbɛnaːtkɪ ˈnadjɪzɛrou̯); (ドイツ語:Benatek))〕 in the Austrian province of Bohemia on 13 April 1758. The family of Klenau dates to the fifteenth century, and the family of Janowitz to the fourteenth.〔 Friedrich Bernau. ''Studien und Materialien zur Specialgeschichte und Heimatskunde des deutschen Sprachgebiets in Böhmen und Mähren''. Prague: J.G. Calve, 1903, pp. 7–8, 151–165, 601. Other sources date the Klenau family to the early twelfth century. See Norbert (or Enoch) Heermann, Johann Matthäus Klimesch, and Václav Březan. ''Norbert Heermann's Rosenberg'sche chronik''. Prag, Köngl. Böhmische gesellschaft der wissenschaften, 1897, p. 102.〕 The family name of Klenau regularly appears in records after the sixteenth century. The Klenau family was one of the oldest dynasties in Bohemia, and many of the noble families of Bohemia have sprung from marriages into the Klenau line. The original name of the family was Przibik, with the predicate ''von Klenowa''. The family was raised to the baronetcy in 1623 with the certificate granted to one Johann von Klenowa and, in 1629, to his son, Wilhelm. The Imperial councilor and judge in Regensburg, Wilhelm von Klenau, was raised to comital status in 1630, and to the status of ''Reichsgraf'', or imperial count, in 1633.〔Contemporaries of Johann von Klenau included a cousin, Ignaz, born in Niederösterreich (Lower Austria) who entered the Maria Theresa Military Academy in 1778, was listed in the ranks as a cadet in 1779, and who disappeared from the muster lists in 1795. Johann Svoboda. ''Die Theresianische Militär-Akademie zu Wiener-Neustad: und ihre Zöglinge von der Gründung der Anstalt bis auf unsere Tage''. Wien: Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1894–1897, p. 207.〕 Johann Klenau entered the 47th Infantry Regiment ''Ellrichshausen''〔Note: Austrian regiments often bore the name of prominent Proprietor (Inhaber)s, or sometimes called Colonel-Proprietors, or for notable actions at which the regiment received battle honors. A Colonel-Inhaber/Colonel Proprietor was originally a noble (or wealthy aristocrat) who raised the regiment. Subsequently, a noble or an officer who had achieved some distinction was appointed to the regimental position as an "honorary" appointment. If the appointment was honorary, a "second" colonel was appointed who would fulfill the duties of the colonel. Stephen Herold. (The Austrian Army in 1812. ) In: (La Société Napoléonienne. ) 1996–2003. Retrieved 30 December 2009.〕 in 1774, at the age of 17, and became a second lieutenant in 1775.〔 Jens-Florian Ebert. ("General der Kavallerie Graf von Klenau" ). ''Die Österreichischen Generäle 1792–1815''. Napoleon Online.DE. Accessed 15 October 2009; Leopold Kudrna and Digby Smith. ("Klenau" ). ''A biographical dictionary of all Austrian Generals in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1792–1815''. Napoleon Series, Robert Burnham, editor in chief. April 2008 version. Retrieved 19 October 2009.〕 After transferring to a ''Chevauleger'' regiment as a ''Rittmeister'', or captain of cavalry, Klenau fought in the short War of the Bavarian Succession, also known as the Potato War. Most of this conflict occurred in Bohemia (part of the modern Czech Republic) from 1778 to 1779, between the Habsburg Monarchy, Saxony, Bavaria and Prussia. The war had no battles, but was instead a series of skirmishes and raids, making it the ideal situation for a captain of light cavalry. In their raids, forces from both sides sought to confiscate or destroy the other's provisions, fodder, and materiel.〔Marshall Dill. ''Germany: a modern history''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1970, p. 52.〕 In the Austro–Turkish War (1787–1791), one of the House of Habsburg's many 18th-century wars with the Ottoman Empire, Klenau served in the 26th Dragoon Regiment ''Toscana'', and later transferred to the 1st Dragoon Regiment ''Kaiser''. His regiment repulsed an attack of superior numbers of Ottoman forces on 28 September 1788, at Zemun, near Belgrade, for which he received a personal commendation and earned his promotion to major. In his early military career Klenau demonstrated, not only at Zemun but also in the earlier skirmishing and raids of 1778 and 1779, the attributes required of a successful cavalry officer: the military acumen to evaluate a situation, the flexibility to adjust his plans on a moment's notice, and the personal courage to take the same risks he demanded of his men.〔 Jens-Florian Ebert. ("General der Kavallerie Graf von Klenau" ).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Johann von Klenau」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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